Week 11: Real & Virtual

This documentary explores the rise of anonymous & the spread of hacktivist movements. Take a look and let us know what you think (FYI: it contains some strong language, so maybe don't turn it on if you've got kids in the room).

Is a DDos attack a legitimate form of resistance?

What about malevolent software? Is that ok? 

The first politically motivated computer worm was the WANK worm. It caused massive problems for NASA. It was a protest against nuclear power modules in rockets.You can read about the impacts from NASA's perspective in the first chapter of this book if you're interested. 

Does the legitimacy of a method of protest, like the worm or a DDOS attack, depend on what you're protesting and what you are disrupting?

Are the forms of protest outlined in the reading, lecture & doco effective? 

Does this even work?

 Why/Why not? 

How can/have the interwebs support(ed) & inform(ed) protest on the ground?
 

What about this?

Leave a comment, let us know what you think.

Week 10: Nature Networks

This documentary, from the 1980s, explores the overlap of a number of different networks and narratives, via a case study of the cane toad. Take a look at the chapter from Nexus (Buchanan, 2002) before you watch it. Then, while you watch, think about the different aspects of Buchanan's (2002) network theory (keystones, weak & strong ties, aristocratic networks, etc.) and how they relate to the overlapping social and ecological networks outlined in the film.

How can network theory help us understand the impacts of the cane-toad on the Australian eco-system? Or the impacts of extinction/invasive species in general?

What narratives of place and identity do you see at play in the film?

What power relations can you see between different actors in this case study?

What do you think of the analogy Buchanan (2002) draws between social and ecological networks?

Also, I know a lot of people are doing various ecological networks (or people/stuff/food networks with ecological impacts) so feel free to share interesting info, links, or case study related questions in the comments.

- Rhian

References
Buchanan, M. (2002). Nexus: Small worlds and the ground breaking science of networks. New York: W. W. Norton & Company

Week 10: Tutorial Video 4

This video provides instructions on creating a Pecha Kucha (PK) style powerpoint presentation. 

Pecha Kucha is a style of powerpoint presentation that began in Japan and has since spread across the world. PK presentations contain 20 slides, each visible for 20 seconds each, and a recorded narration. 

  Tutorial Video 4: Consolidating Pecha Kucha

There are detailed instructions on recording your narration and adding timed switches to your presentation on LearnJCU under assessment.

For more information on the PK style visit the Pecha Kucha Website.

Week 9: People Networks

I've been amazed by the content on these blogs over the past six weeks. You've created some amazing narratives. And, hopefully you've had some interesting adventures along the way. Remember to put the skills you've learned (i.e. academic blogging) on your resumes :-)

The portfolio feedback will probably centre around technical stuff  - referencing, grammar, structuring evidence & arguments, etc. Things that will hopefully help when it comes to editing for your case studies.

Speaking of case studies  ...

You will be assigned & sent details of your group for the final assignment this week. The groups need to be based on your case study theme (people, food, nature, stuff).  

You also need to email me a dot point plan of your essay by midnight on Friday 27th sept. For a further 5% of your case study grade.  

Also, ...

Do the Ma Mung (2005) reading and answer the tute quiz questions (located in the week 9 folder on learnJCU).

There are 3 short answer questions that you need to complete. You have two weeks to get it done (it closes at midnight on Oct. 5th and has been opened a week early to accommodate the shift around in the lecture order). 

Quiz Hint: Make sure you look at definitions and types of diaspora when you do the reading.

Finally, ...
  

Watch the lecture and share your thoughts on people networks,  and diasporas (their similarities and differences); use the questions in the tute guide as, well .. a guide .. and let us know what you think. 

p.s. Next week is lecture recess,

so remember to take at least little bit of guilt -free time out from studying.

The Grand Exchange: Supplying the Nation since 2007!

As you travel through the world of Runescape, one of the first major cities that you’d come across as a player is Varrock, a small city north of Lumbridge. A short journey west of Varrock take you to the Grand Exchange.

The Grand Exchange, or G.E. as some players like to say, is a constant mess of people and colourful text, the place where anyone wanting to make some quick money can go and try their luck. The items for sale aren’t limited to just weapons and armour; recipes, ingredients and resource are a hot commodity as well.

In Winning and Losing, Peter Dickens (2007) describes the world’s economy as being shaped by transnational corporations, as they hold the ability to be able to shift the economy as they see fit (p. 437). In the Grand Exchange, the players themselves are primarily in control of the market, as it is they who both buy the items that are on sale, as well as being the source for them. As Dr. Kuttainen explains in her lecture on ‘Stuff’ from week 8, there is a ‘natural law of economics’ that affects trade price and sales, and the Grand Exchange is no exception. As such, the market does tend to favour those with a higher skill level, but even players with low level skills could benefit from the market. Low level items are always in demand, especially among the higher levelled players who don’t want to spend time farming, so one could always level up their skills by farming low level items and selling them for profit.

The Exchange is a vital part of the player network, not just as a trading hub, but as a place for a player themselves. It’s well known by the playing community that you are bound to make more money selling peer-to-peer than it is to merely sell your items to the NPCs, and the Grand Exchange gives the player an easy way to not only get rid of what they don’t need but also earn them money in the process.

References

Dickens, P. (2007)  Winning and losing: An introduction. In Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy (pp. 237-453). London, England: Sage.

Kuttainen, V. (2013)  BA1002: Our space:  Networks, narratives, and the making of place, week 8 lecture notes [PowerPoint Slide]. Retrieved from https://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_group=courses&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Fcontent%2Ffile%3Fcmd%3Dview%26content_id%3D_1259745_1%26course_id%3D_50513_1%26framesetWrapped%3Dtrue

Image Reference

RuneScape Wiki (n.d.) Grand Exchange players [Image]. Retrieved from http://runescape.wikia.com/wiki/File:Grand_Exchange_players.png

Try, Buy, Sell.

The virtual network of SIMS lets you try, buy, give and sell all kinds of stuff. SIMS users can purchase furniture, plants and animals as well as acquire land and houses, if they so wish. In fact the SIMS user can even buy a new look, from clothes, to make up or a new tattoo, haircuts and styles, to cosmetically obtaining a new eye colour. In saying this, you can sell them all as well. Obtainable stuff in a SIMS virtual world is momentary stuff stimulation. However SIMS does not take into consideration the networks behind stuff or behind obtaining stuff. SIMS as I said in my previous blog is an ideal world, where money is no object and everyone equal.

SIMS doesn’t cater for ‘winners and losers’ (Dicken, p437). All the money made by each SIM is pooled into a communal account where the user can choose how and where to spend the money. Therefore SIMS doesn’t allow for ‘winning and losing (Dicken p437) nor does it take into consideration ‘the world economy’ (Dicken, p437). Additionally SIMS doesn’t take into consideration dominant groups (Dicken, p443) and controllers as ultimately the user is the only controller of their virtual world.  Thus it has a very narrow view of what the economy is and how the economy works. It allows the consumer to buy as they please.

Although this may seem ideal to some users, it completely ignores the networks behind all the stuff that is so essential to SIMS. Last week’s lecture (week 8) highlighted how stuff became stuff, looking at the movement of societies wants and needs. The change from minimalist stock to mass production. Women in the work force. Ultimately highlighting the importance each network has in the final production of stuff, of which is placed on our shelves, and in the windows for the consumer to purchase at their leisure. Each item of stuff has a line of networks behind it. The example used in lecture 7, Rum and network to sugar cane, and therefore its history of slaves, explores the infinite components of networks that are often overlooked.

Regardless, the virtual world of SIMS allows the users to collect, buy and sell stuff, the stuff isn’t real. SIMS is simply an element of contemporary stuff that mindlessly consumes the users time of existing in the real world.

Reference List:

Dicken, P. (2007). Winning and losing: An introduction, in Global Shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy (p 440). London, England: Sage.

Kuttainen, V, (Lecturer). (2013 September 16). Stuff . Podcast retrieved from http://learnjcu.edu.au.

 Image retrieved from: http://www.vg247.com/2011/01/20/sims-3d-shots-feature-sims-in-3d/

Language and Place

(Wikimedia Commons, 2011)

Language plays a pivotal role in the creation of place as mentioned by Tuan (2011). Without the ability of speech: exploring, documenting, mapping, naming, construction, and interacting with a certain place would be impossible. This is because documenting and mapping are a type of text, while naming and construction (usually) are a discussion, both of which require language to come into existence. As a result, it is clear that language holds substantial power over the making and maintenance of place. It also has the power to destroy it as well through ordering its destruction or through negative speech (Tuan, 2011).

Naming in particular holds power over the creation of place; however this power is not always equally distributed. The power to name is in correlation to a person's authority on the matter. For example, the people who live in the area in question should realistically have a greater authority to name it compared to an 'outsider' or 'tourist'.

Within the language of place, metaphors and symbols are highly influential and abundant. Symbols are words or images that hold a certain meaning to invoke a deeper connection to the thing that the symbol is representing (Van Luyn, 2013). For example, a flag is a symbol of a country or a nation. This symbol is respected by most people whether they are from that place or not (Van Luyn, 2013).

The power of language in the making of place is not only restricted to the physical world. Online social networking sites are virtual places that also require language to be constructed. In addition, if the interactions between members are pleasant and enjoyable for the majority, then the site is improved upon. Likewise, any negative feedback could force the site to shut down. In the end, language holds power over both physical and virtual forms of place.

Reference List

• Tuan, Y. (2011). Language and the making of place: A narrative-descriptive approach. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Retrieved from: https://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-1219810-dt-content-rid-920570_1/courses/13-BA1002-TSV-EXT-SP2/Subject%20Materials/Week%205%20Required%20Readings%20Tuan%2C%20Y-F%20%281991%29%20%20Language%20and%20the%20Making%20of%20Place%27/Tuan%20%281991%29.pdf
• Van Luyn, A. (Lecturer). (2013). Stories and place (Vodcast). Retreived from:https://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_312_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_50513_1%26url%3D

Image Reference 

• Wikimedia Commons. (2011). Two people talking logo (Image). Retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two-people-talking-logo.jpg 

Cha-ching: marketing in a globalized virtual market

                                                 Image 1: Tumblr, Inc. (2013).

‘The era of globalization has been marked by dramatic increases in technology, trade and investment’ (Dicken, 2007). A movement apparent in the virtual networks like Tumblr. As the data above shows, at only six years old with a staggering amount of users, Tumblr understandably, in market terms at least, has over $112 million in investor funds (Rosenbaum, 2013). It appears dramatically increased profit is the resounding by-product in this globalization age of the internet.

Tumblr, Inc. ‘is a privately-held, venture capital backed media and entertainment company’. As the third industrial revolution has begun, the sale of Tumblr to Yahoo for $800 million this year (Rosenbaum, 2013) exemplifies the ‘number of remarkable technologies [that] are converging: clever software, novel materials [and] new processes’ (The Economist, 2012).  As Union Square Ventures, a foundation investor in Tumblr, Inc., partner Andy Weissman states  ‘the Internet... fundamentally alters [market] dynamics, by vastly increasing the number of distribution points as well as the number of content choices that an average person has’ (Weissman, 2013). I can hear the advertising companies counting the millions of dollars already. Cha-ching!

Hence, in terms of advertising, the internet has been termed ‘the ultimate marketing machine’ (The Economist, 2006). In my own experience, Tumblr is a welcome escape from the bombardment of advertisements of Facebook, being ‘ad-free’. Now with the financial backing of Yahoo, Tumblr can continue to remain so. This is a must as Yahoo needs Tumblr ‘to remain pure’ and keep it’s powerfully engaged, and curation capable use base happy (Rosenbaum, 2013). Seventeenth century political economist John Stuart Mill would have been pleased to see that the individual is being privileged over the group or multi-billion dollar software companies (Lecture). Thus, in the case of Tumblr, the rise of the virtual network has not created obvious winners or losers. Not yet, at least.  

  

APA Reference List:

Dicken, P. (2007). Winning and losing: An introduction, in Global Shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy (p 440). London, England: Sage.

The Economist. (2012). The third industrial revolution. Retrieved from

      http://www.economist.com/node/21553017

The Economist. (2006). The ultimate marketing machine. Retrieved from

      http://www.economist.com/node/7138905

Rosenbaum, S. (2013). 5 Reasons Tumblr + Yahoo Is Good For Users. Retrieved from

       http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenrosenbaum

Weissman, A. (2013). VHX. Retrieved from

       http://www.usv.com/2013/08/vhx.php

 Kuttainen, V. (2013). BA1002: Our space: Networks, narratives and the making of place, Lecture 8: Stuff: Markets and Manufacture [Podcast]. Retrieved from               

       https://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au

Image APA Reference List:

Tumblr, Inc. (2013). Sponsors. Retrieved from

         http://www.tumblr.com/sponsors

Now you see me, now you don't...

The invisible man, the "troll", the anonymous account user. These are all either terms or "people" who we have experienced online at some point, and like the flavours of the month, so too seem to last their life-spans.

Post election the trolls who frequented the social media site/group Australian Federal Government | A Forum for your say have either disappeared into troll limbo or seemingly replaced by the usual and once again steady flow of, and as far as I can tell, the real life contributors. I'm not spreading rumour or conspiracy, however these blow ins into the virtual town square of Facebook and then the sudden and en masse disappearances of these citizens is alarming, especially when their emergence seems (by post and comment ratios) to coincide with the inactivity of otherwise regular, real life contributors. Like any good magic trick the subject vanishes into thin air, only to re-emerge somewhere else startling the audience, but if one looks closely the make-up and costume of the decoy isn't all that convincing- and their Facebook avatars seem to have a family type familiarity to them.

Source: Public domain

The written word has betrayed many people, except for the great poets of our age, when it comes to expressing oneself and in the stark of black and white humour and sarcasm can be lost in translation, however the rhetoric and familiar taste of trained trolls and routine spammers always leaves crumbs for clues as to who they may be when compared with other, very alike and "sleeping" users of the page.

Facebook via memes have been a great way throughout this federal election campaign for spreading policy points and party slogans or messages or themes with influence and the base of information- these are shared like wild-fire profile to profile- lucky they aren't viruses! Our respective political parties have gradually been spending more and more on internet or online advertising (we all saw those Youtube adverts which seemed to be a hundred times louder through the headphones than the audio of the clip we were originally hoping to watch). 

We have greater access to the internet via mobile devices and wireless broadband than newspapers, however online or e-papers can include extra side-tab advertisements, so while it isn't food we are still consuming, and our appetites are growing, and why not tuck in especially when everybody wants to 'keep up with the Joneses' by the appearance of their timelines and numbers on their friends lists. A virtual table setting.

Food or filler? Source: Public domain

It's not fine dining, it isn't Hungry Jacks but the internet creates a taste bud fusion especially when politicking is made cool with pseudo intelligent political memes and messages. You get the jist or taste of it, but it's actually processed meal not a hearty steak. Yet this catering strategy is certainly effective. So now these trolls have shared their diet tips with us, will we see them again sharing their recipes, or is it a case of "if that's dinner than I've had it" until the next political milestone?

-J

Patel, R. (2007). Stuffed and starved: The hidden battle for the world’s food system, Introduction.

       Toronto, Canada: Harper Perennial 

Free-to-Play or Free-to-Pay?

Runescape has been a free-to-play game ever since it started up back in 2001. There are a lot of things that one can do within the realms of owning a ‘non membership’ account. Of course, how is Jagex going to make any sort of money off giving out a game without cost?

Membership.

Screenshot of the membership page

Taking Patel’s point of view on the corporate control of our choice of food, we can apply this to how Jagex runs its servers to benefit the paying community more than those that aren't. In this week’s readings, Patel uses apples as an example of just how food corporations limit what we see on the shelves, stating that “our choices are not entirely our own because, even in a supermarket, the menu is crafted not by our choices (…) but by the power of food corporations.” (2007)

Likewise, the things that you see as a player who owns a non-member account is limited by the fact that you haven’t given the company any money. Free accounts have a limited amount of skills, most of which have a level cap of 99. The world is also significantly smaller, giving the player a more constricted experience to the game. As such, the resources that the non-members have access to are also incredibly limited compared to those in a member’s server where the entire map is at their fingertips.

Another advantage to having paid for your account is the fact that you can quite literally pay your way into becoming one of the best players on the server. This aspect can ruin a game, and it’s one of the reasons why I generally stay away from free-to-plays. It’s not fun seeing someone in high-level gear that they've bought with real cash while the armour that your own character’s currently wearing is the same one you've had the last ten levels because that’s as high as the game will let you go.

References

Patel, R. (2007).  'Stuffed and starved: the hidden battle for the world’s food system.'  (pp.272-295). Melbourne, Australia. Black Inc.

RuneScape Wiki (n.d.) 'Free to play/Compared to members.' Retrieved September 18, 2013, from http://runescape.wikia.com/wiki/Free-to-play/Compared_to_Members

My Cup Runneth Over

When it comes to radical politics/protest and the opposing global marketing machine, the whole gamut can be found on Facebook; from recycling plastic bottles to investment advice to online marketing of socks. The social network is new testing ground for the battle of Liberal vs Conservative, Nationalist vs Socialist, and Radical vs Establishment, etc. etc. (See TRAP- The Real Art Of Protest for a good example)

 The liberal faction will tell you that strong government control is harmful- and the likes of Stalin, Hitler and Kim Jong-il will testify to that; so too the post-war governments of England and France. But is the strong self-interest of ‘Post-Fordism’  any better? Does neo-liberalism really work? What cost does that bargain-priced luxury sedan from the used-car lot really come at? How many hours of tedious labour have been spent over the decades to make this work of automotive art economically viable to the lower-middle-class? How many rivers have been polluted? How many tonnes of greenhouse gas and toxins have been released into the atmosphere?

 Well if the size of your television is a measure of success, then neo-liberalism is for you; but what of community, health and mental well-being? Why is there an epidemic of mental illness and emotional instability in developed nations, even as we feed millions of innocents into the third-world meat-grinder of slums, sweatshops and production lines? At what cost has the big-screen TV come at? When our kids need sedation in order to sit still long enough to watch it? And more to the point, who is selling the TV to us?

 The modern age has really been a low-point of human morality- not in the religious sense, but in the philosophical vacuum that has made ‘enough’ a dirty word. Everyone wants more, more, more; bigger, badder and better. What is the nature of this ‘corporate-machine’ that snorts cocaine off gold toilet-seats, selects a $500 bottle of wine from the wine-list, and requires a small nation to complete the plethora of mundane tasks that ensure the level of personal comfort will continue long into the foreseeable future?

 The ‘mosaic of unevenness’(Dicken, 2007)  of the world economy is continually exploited- both for markets and labour. If tobacco and gun laws get too tough in Australia then redirecting the ship to nations in Africa, Asia and/or South America is the common practice. So too the problem of workplace health and safety regulation- just find somewhere the laws don’t apply. This problem is not going to go away any time soon, despite ‘The Economist’ claiming that ‘offshore production is increasingly moving back to rich countries’ (April, 2012); this is surely only goods from the higher end of the market such as the ‘i-Pad’ that was quoted. If a shirt costs less than five dollars at Big W then you can be pretty sure it wasn’t made in Japan or Australia.

 Who are these parasites and should we take the drastic measures of the French revolutionaries in 1789? No, we won’t. One, because we don’t like violence unless it’s of the Hollywood variety, and two- because we’re too damn comfortable (I know I am). But if you don’t have shares in Monsanto, BP or Coca-Cola, then you can rest easy; you’re just another one of the sheep. Better that than a wolf.

Reference List-

Dicken, Peter. (2007) 'Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy'. Sage Publications, London, England.

'The Third Industrial Revolution' (April 21st 2012) The Economist. Retreived from- http://www.economist.com/node/21553017

'Unfuck The World' Image- retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=558296354220081&set=a.304799816236404.63367.200068713376182&type=3&theater

'Smokestack' Image- http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/wow-is-right-clean-technology-removes-more-than-just-carbon-dioxide.html

'Blue TV' Image- http://www.smartgirl.org/writing/forum/archives/television.html

'Champagne' Image- http://news.discovery.com/human/health/drinking-champagne-improves-memory-130508.htm

'Wolf-in-Sheep's-Clothing Image- http://ilyakurnosov.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/wolves-in-agile-clothing/

The Ideal World

SIMS creates an idealistic world where food and hunger is no object. Patel’s analysis of the real world explores how “ in every country, the contradictions of obesity, hunger, poverty and wealth are becoming more acute”(Patel, 2007, p3). In the world of SIMS everyone has equal access too food and maintain a healthy weight through regular exercise. No one is left hungry in a SIMS world. This idealistic virtual world in some ways is in complete contrast to the real world, as it is a world of equality, a place with no poverty or hunger. On closer analysis of SIMS an American virtual gaming network, similarities to real world food based issues become apparent, buying power and wealth, instant food or food on demand.

“We produce more food than ever before, [yet] more than one in ten people on earth are [still] hungry” (Patel, 2007, p1). In the idealistic world of SIMS no one is left hungry. Food is available at all times. Food availability in SIMS is in complete contrast with the real world, regardless of being a first world or a third world country. Atkins and Bowler highlight how “the distinction between social groups, especially classes, in their taste for food and other commodities may become badge of their identity”(Atkins & Bowler, 2001, p284), of which has clear effects on the accessibility of quality foods. “It may once have been true, the assumption that to be overweight is to be rich [however this] no longer holds” (Patel, 2007, p4) as the issue of obesity now resonates with the growing accessibility to fast, oily and cheap meals and deals, rather than wealth.

In most parts of the Westernised world, society has immediate access to food sources. The local corner shop, the bigger food providers (Coles and Woolworths) to fast food providers (McDonalds, Subway, KFC) and in many cases we are now able to order online with a click of button, it is delivered to our doors, without even having to leave the house. Food on demand is also an element of SIMS. The SIMS user has the ability to order or make food with a click of a button. Where SIMS differs is that SIMS does not take into consideration cultural and economic factors. Poverty, hunger and food limitations don’t exist in the virtual SIMS world.

Reference List:

Patel, R. (2007).  'Stuffed and Starved' (pp.272-295). Melbourne, Australia. Black Inc.

Atkins, P. (2001) 'Food in Society' (pp.1-19). Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 2001.

Saving The Planet- One 'Like' At A Time

 Issues such as the Live Animal Export trade in Australia garner much attention and debate on social networking sites such as Facebook. Organisations such as PETA (People for the Prevention of cruelty To Animals) use shock tactics to counteract the media-storm advertising that fast-food giants such as McDonald's and KFC utilise to keep the multi-national ball rolling.
 But PETA's is a loud voice compared to that of UNICEF and other humanitarian organisations. According to Raj Patel, author of 'Stuffed and Starved' "...hunger, abundance and obesity are more compatible than they have ever been [before]" (Patel, 2007). So the production, consumption and distribution of food has become a major issue of the 21st century- it can make you happy and it can make you healthy; but it can also make you sick through over-eating and poor diet while at the same time be in deserately short supply in other parts of the world.

 Personally, I resent the 'golden arches ' and their psychological imprinting. As an ex-junk-food-junkie I find I still have the craving for an overdose of fat, sugar and salt, served in a soft, warm package that has an  uncanny resemblance to a female breast (reference needed-lol!). But at least the McDonald's franchise doesn't insult my intelligence with it's television commercials. KFC on the other hand makes me violently ill/angry with it's crude drug references and dumbed-down colloquialisms (without even touching it!).
 But as the 'Case of Rum' study shows, we have a long history of food profiteering, and the more suffering at the production end of the process, the more profit would seem to come from the distribution. Despite the surge of 'foodie' programs on television (Atkins, 2007) that have us craving weird and wonderful dishes created by our own hands, our consumption of food has more guilt attached to it than ever before. But as individuals we are limited in our control of world market forces. It is only through better choices and 'trade treatys' (Patel,2007) that eating with a clear conscience can be a forseeable future.

This is a quick link to an organisation that doesn't sell it's coffee for 200 times what the farmer gets-
Fair trade@Facebook


Bibliography-
Patel, Raj. 'Stuffed and Starved', Black Inc., Melbourne, Australia, 2007.
Atkins, Peter. 'Food in Society', Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2001.

Burger Image- https://www.facebook.com/officialpeta
McDonald's Logo Image-http://www.grimes.lib.ia.us/images/mcdonaldslogo/image
Fair Trade Image- http://oliveonblonde.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/world-fair-trade-day-logo.jpg